"当期效益"与企业重组

企业财务报表——损益表中的“利润总额”，通常作为评价一个企业年度经营状况的重要指标。利益总额小于零的“亏损”企业，其年度真实经营状况可能有很大差别。原因在于损益表中的年度利润总额指标不能准确用来反映国有企业当年真实的盈利能力，更不能作为评价企业活与死的标准。尤其是在当前企业重组的改革中，应当用“当期效益”作为评价企业活与死的标准。     

REINORCING THEORY AND TECHNIQUE OF SLOPE EXCAVATION

Ａｆｔｅｒａｓｅｒｉｅｓｏｆｌａｒｇｅｓｃａｌｅｍｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇｔｅｓｔ，ｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌａｎａｌｙｓｅｓａｎｄｄｉｇｉｔａｌｍｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇａｎａｌｙｓｅｓｏｆｓｌｏｐｅｅｘｃａｖａ－ｔｉｏｎｉｎｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓｏｉｌｂｅｉｎｇｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄｗｉｔｈｓｔｅｅｌｂａｒｓ，ｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙａｎｄｂｅａｒｉｎｇｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｏｆｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓｏｉｌｓｌｏｐｅｗｅｒｅａｎａｌｙｚｅｄｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｉｎｇｔｈｅｏｒｙｆｏｒｓｌｏｐｅｅｘｃａｖａｔｉｏｎｗａｓｓｏｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄ．ｔｈａｔｉｓ，ａｃｔｉｖｅｒｅｔａｉｎｉｎｇｓｔａ－ｂｉｌｉｔｙｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ，ａｎｄｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｆｏｒｅｘｃａｖａｔｉｏｎｓｌｏｐｅｗｉｔｈｓｔｅｅｌｂａｒｓ．     

Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters, sediments and soils of Hangzhou City, China

Ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were simultaneously measured in 17 surface water samples and 11 sediments of four water bodies, and 3 soils near the water-body bank in Hangzhou, China in December 2002. It was observed that the sum of PAHs concentrations ranged from 0.989 to 9.663 microg/L in surface waters, from 132.7 to 7343 ng/g dry weight in sediments, and from 59.71 to 615.8 ng/g dry weight in soils. The composition pattern of PAHs by ring size in water, sediment and soil were surveyed. Three-ring PAHs were dominated in surface waters and soils, meanwhile sediments were mostly dominated by four-ring PAHs. Furthermore, PAHs apparent distribution coefficients (K(d)) and solid f(oc)-normalized K(d) (e.g. K(oc)= K(d) / f(oc)) were calculated. The relationship between logK(oc) and logK(ow) of PAHs for field data on sediments and predicted values were compared. The sources of PAHs in different water bodies were evaluated by comparison of K (oc) values in sediments of the river downstream with that in soils. Hangzhou section of the Great Canal was heavily polluted by PAHs released from industrial wastewater in the past and now PAHs in sediment may serve as sources of PAHs in surface water. PAHs in Qiantang River were contributed from soil runoff. Municipal road runoff was mostly contributed to West Lake PAHs.     

Contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater in Auckland, New Zealand

One-hundred and twenty-five domestic roof-collected rainwater supplies in four rural Auckland districts were investigated in a cross-sectional survey to determine water quality. Samples of cold faucet water were analysed for physico-chemical and microbiological determinands, including metals (zinc, copper and lead), bacterial indicator organisms--heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total coilforms (TC), faecal coliforms (FC), enterococci (ENT), bacterial pathogens including Salmonella spp., Legionella spp., Campylobacter spp., Aeromonas spp. and the protozoa, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Twenty-two supplies (17.6%) exceeded one or more of the maximum acceptable values (MAV) or maximum guideline values for chemical determinands of the New Zealand Drinking Water Standards (NZDWS) and 70 (56.0%) supplies exceeded the microbiological criteria of < 1 FC/100 mL. Eighteen supplies (14.4%) exceeded the NZDWS MAV for lead of 0.01 mg/L and three (2.4%) exceeded that for copper, of 2 mg/L. Those supplies with lead or galvanised iron comprising part of the roof or collecting system were more likely to show lead contamination (p = 0.019) as were those supplies with a pH less than 7 (p = 0.013). The presence of the indicator organisms HPC, TC, FC and ENT were all significantly correlated with one another. Aeromonas spp. were identified in 20 (16.0%) supplies. There was a positive association between the presence of Aeromonas and the bacterial indicator organisms. Households reporting at least one member with gastrointestinal symptoms in the month prior to sampling, were more likely to have Aeromonas spp. identified in their water supply than those households without symptoms (odds ratio 3.22, 95% CI 1.15-9.01, p = 0.021). Salmonella typhimurium was detected in one of 115 (0.9%) supplies. Legionella spp. and Campylobacter spp. were not detected. There were 50 supplies sampled for protozoa (sampling criteria: > or = 30 FC or > or = 60 ENT). Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 2 (4%) of these. Giardia was not detected. This study demonstrates that roof-collected rainwater systems provide potable supplies of relatively poor physiochemical and microbiological quality in the Auckland area. Further research is required on Aeromonas spp. as potential indicators of both microbiological quality and health risk along with design and maintenance strategies to minimise contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater supplies.     

Plasma degradation of dyes in water with contact glow discharge electrolysis

Contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) of two dyes, weak acid brilliant red B and weak acid flavine G, was investigated under different concentrations, temperature and mediums. From the variation of their concentration with the reaction time, it was demonstrated that the oxidation would be a first-order reaction. On the base line of UV spectra of solution in the degradation process, we deduced that two dyes underwent the oxidative degradation in CGDE. The rate constants, relevant coefficients and the decolorization degree were displayed under different conditions.     

Temperature and hydrological variations of the urban environment in the Taipei metropolitan area, Taiwan

In this study, the temperature, precipitation and groundwater level variations and changing patterns with varied time scales are presented for Taipei metropolitan area which consists of the capital city with neighboring counties. Along with the continuous city expansion during the past decades, global warming and heat island effect have generated perceivable negative impacts on environmental and reflect on the climatic and hydrological parameters. In addition to accelerating climate warming, hydrological extremity becomes more evident during the past decades and greatly elevates the risks of drought and floods in the study area. These observations in the Taipei metropolitan area support the common hypothesis that climate variability would increase as climate warms. The air temperature records, in conjunction with hydrological data, provide useful and invaluable information for the ongoing study of subsurface environmental changes resulting from nature and anthropogenic influences in Taipei metropolitan area. The continuing climatic warming and hydrological extremity would create observable impacts on the subsurface environment of Taipei metropolitan area and need to pursue in a fast and efficient pace.     

集中空调系统控制室内污染物的非稳态模型

本文综合考虑室内污染源散发,室外污染物进入,净化器效率等因素对室内污染物浓度的影响。对采用集中空调系统的房间,建立了非稳态模型,以可挥发性有机物为例,理论分析了净化器效率和室外VOCs浓度对室内VOCs浓度的影响。该模型可为净化器效率的选择提供理论依据。     

Application of the partition-limited model for plant uptake of organic chemicals from soil and water

This study further examined the merits of the partition-limited model for the plant uptake of organic chemicals from soil and water. The influential factors on the quasi-equilibrium factor (alpha(pt)) of the model were evaluated for a number of systems. The present study manifested a generally high efficiency of the model for prediction of phenanthrene and pyrene uptake by plants. The overall model predictions are within an order of magnitude of the measured values, with the differences between the estimated and measured concentrations being less than 93.7% in most cases. Modeled root concentrations seemed to be more accurate than modeled shoot concentrations. Generally, the calculated alpha(pt) values for plant uptake of chemicals from water, including phenanthrene and pyrene on basis of our experimental data and lindane and trifluralin on basis of the available literature data, tend to be relatively constant after an initial fast increase with increasing uptake time. alpha(pt) values for root uptake of these chemicals are always greater than those for shoot uptake. In addition, alpha(pt) values for various root uptake of hydrophobic chemicals, e.g., phenanthrene and pyrene, exhibit significantly positive correlations with root lipid contents (p < 0.05, n = 10). This investigation substantiated the concept of the partition-limited model and its utility for vegetation-uptake assessment.     

Temporal trends of nonylphenol and bisphenol A contamination in the Pearl River Estuary and the adjacent South China Sea recorded by dated sedimentary cores

Three dated sedimentary cores were collected for the investigation of temporal trends and the environmental loadings of nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in recent decades in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), South China and the adjacent South China Sea (SCS). The peak fluxes of NP and BPA occurred in the mid-1980s in the PRE, coincident with the rapid economic growth in China. The decline of NP and BPA fluxes is attributable to the implementation of sewage treatment in the late 1980s in the Pearl River Delta (PRD). Multi-model distributions were observed for the fluxes of NP and BPA in the SCS with the peak fluxes occurring in the late 1950s and the mid-1970s respectively. The fluxes of NP and BPA have increased since the 1990s due to the lack of adequate wastewater treatment facilities and the constant economic growth. Nonylphenol was quantifiably detected in sediments predating its widespread application (1940s), suggesting the downward penetration of NP in the sediment columns. The characterization results revealed that NP and BPA were preserved well and the isomer-selective degradation of NP did not occur significantly in the sediment cores. The environmental loadings of NP and BPA in the PRE sediments were roughly estimated to be 124 t and 1.7 t respectively over the past 30 years.     

Impact of dissolved organic matter on colloid transport in the vadose zone: deterministic approximation of transport deposition coefficients from polymeric coating characteristics

Although numerous studies have been conducted to discern colloid transport and stability processes, the mechanistic understanding of how dissolved organic matter (DOM) affects colloid fate in unsaturated soils (i.e., the vadose zone) remains unclear. This study aims to bridge the gap between the physicochemical responses of colloid complexes and porous media interfaces to solution chemistry, and the effect these changes have on colloid transport and fate. Measurements of adsorbed layer thickness, density, and charge of DOM-colloid complexes and transport experiments with tandem internal process visualization were conducted for key constituents of DOM, humic (HA) and fulvic acids (FA), at acidic, neutral and basic pH and two CaCl₂ concentrations. Polymeric characteristics reveal that, of the two tested DOM constituents, only HA electrosterically stabilizes colloids. This stabilization is highly dependent on solution pH which controls DOM polymer adsorption affinity, and on the presence of Ca⁺² which promotes charge neutralization and inter-particle bridging. Transport experiments indicate that HA improved colloid transport significantly, while FA only marginally affected transport despite having a large effect on particle charge. A transport model with deposition and pore-exclusion parameters fit experimental breakthrough curves well. Trends in deposition coefficients are correlated to the changes in colloid surface potential for bare colloids, but must include adsorbed layer thickness and density for sterically stabilized colloids. Additionally, internal process observations with bright field microscopy reveal that, under optimal conditions for retention, experiments with FA or no DOM promoted colloid retention at solid-water interfaces, while experiments with HA enhanced colloid retention at air-water interfaces, presumably due to partitioning of HA at the air-water interface and/or increased hydrophobic characteristics of HA-colloid complexes.